Pulse Wave Doppler is an imaging technique based on the ultrasound imaging principle. Ultrasound images of blood flow, either by Color Flow, Power Doppler, Continuous Wave, or Pulse Wave Doppler all essentially give the movement of the blood. Using any of the methods details about the heart circulation and blood can be found. In the technique of Pulse Wave Doppler (PWD) a series of electrical pulses are transmitted to visualize the movement of blood.

The electrical pulses sent give the echoes; depending upon the echoes the blood flow is calculated. By the Doppler Effect it can be clearly differentiated among the blood vessels and the body tissues. As the echoes from the stationary type body tissues are constant and do not change from pulse to pulse while echoes from the moving objects like blood changes from time to time with every pulse. These differences in the flow can be directly measured by the time difference or in terms of the phase difference from which the Doppler Frequency is determined.

In Pulse Wave Doppler imaging the electrical signals are sent in the form of pulses. The transmission of the pulsated signal is produced by the oscillators, which changes its voltage according to the resonance frequency. Short duration pulses of the ultrasound frequency are sent with a specific frequency, which is known as pulse repetition frequency (PRF). In the duration of the pulse transmission echoes continuously returns to the receiving transducer, but all the receiving signals are not viewed. The receiving transducer has its fixed frequency to open the gate for receiving the signals. The shift in the frequency from the pulse transmission is to allow the estimation of the Doppler Frequency Shift.

Pulse Wave Doppler is a famous technique used for imaging the blood flow by the electrical pulse methods and the technique has its own instruments, which are used to measure the blood flow.

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Power Doppler Imaging can be abbreviated as PDI, is an imaging technique based on the ultrasound technology. PDI is based on the Doppler Effect for measuring different parameters of the body. Doppler Effect correlates the velocity of the observer and the source in a medium, thus it is a procedure to find out the relative effect of the motion of the observer, source and medium. Power Doppler Imaging is a technique based on the Doppler Effect to find out the relative velocity of the blood which moves towards and away from the measuring probe.

With PDI the frequency shift of a particular blood flow on a heart valve is calculated. The speed and direction of the flow is also determined though this technique. The Power Doppler Imaging is typically used for cardiovascular studies which involves sonographic study of heart and vasculature system. These cardiovascular studies are essential in numerous areas such as determining reverse direction blood flow in the liver portions.

The Power Doppler Imaging is the non directional Doppler. The Doppler shift produced by these imaging methods come in the audible range and is represented audibly by stereo speakers. These speakers produce a distinct synthetic, pulsating sound.

Power Doppler Imaging when compared with conventional imaging methods such as color flow Doppler proves its utility in manifolds. Power Doppler Imaging methods usually visualize the morphological effects minutely by leaving the artifacts like echoshadowing and aliasing. In some of the cases of distal occlusion color flow Doppler has failed to depict the proper blood flow details, but power Doppler imaging gave the pertinent readings.

Power Doppler Imaging is a useful sonographic technique to determine the problems related to blood flow and can examine nicely some of the hypoplastic and stenosed arteries. The current inventions are making it more useful for the ultrasonic applications.

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Color Flow Mode (CFM) is also called as Color Flow Doppler Imaging (CFD). These are the ultrasonic imaging techniques used for measuring the blood flow through the heart. They display the flow data on the 2-D echocardiography image. The technique is mainly used for determining the congenital, valvular and other forms of disease related to heart.

The color flow mode imaging is based on the Doppler Effect of the acoustics. The Doppler Effect helps to find out the blood flow from different parts of the body. It helps to identify the direction of the flow of blood. Color flow mode imaging is understandable to the common user. They avoid the displays of the complex spectral velocity structures.

In the color flow imaging different colors defines the direction of the given jet. The red color and blue colors are taken for defining the direction. The change in the hues from bright to dull depicts the change in the velocities. When there is turbulence in the blood flow a mosaic of colors is formed. Therefore a 2-D display of the blood flow is depicted by the identification of size, velocity and direction.

Red color is used to depict the flow towards the transducer and the blue color is used to depict the flow away from the transducer. Different color references can always be seen in different Doppler Imaging devices. Generally in color flow mode the color bar of black color represents zero flow.

Color flow mode is a very easy and understandable way to study the ultrasonic waves to calculate the blood flow. By making different colors as the codes to measure the flow of blood people can get easily the meaning of the reports generated. These techniques work in the normal hearing range of the humans thus are not harmful for humans.

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Mammography machines help analyze breast tissue for possible incidence of cancer and are the choicest tools for guiding breast biopsy procedures. It works by directing a low frequency X-ray through the breast tissue and rendering detailed images for the physician to analyze. The high clarity and definition of these images helps perceive even delicate tissues within the breast. The GE Senographe DMR Mammography Machine is a highly advanced state of the art piece of medical equipment from GE that delivers high performance at affordable costs. GE has been a pioneer in mammography machine manufacturing and over the years has set high industry standards which are rarely matched by competitors.

The machine is very user friendly and has 5 photocells for expansive imaging functionalities in breast placement and digital angulations display. It also provides hands free compression and offers more interaction with the patient by way of vertical height adjustment. The quality of images rendered by a mammography machine is of utmost importance. The high image quality increases the diagnostic capabilities of physicians and the GE Senographe DMR is ahead of the competition in that it delivers high quality images with superb clarity by using dedicated MaxiRay X-ray tube and SharpIQ grid. The MaxiRay bi-metal rhodium or molybdenum tube offers extensive penetration and comes with an inner focusing cone. The high X-ray spectrum provided by these metals penetrates even the densest of breast tissues and reveals details that are obscure in images rendered by other machines.

The unrivalled image quality and magnification provided by this tube sets the machine apart from its competitors. The machine reduces exposure time, which ensures image quality and cuts down dose by 40 percent which allows for examination of dense breasts without reduction in image quality. The anti scatter grid movement is also optimized by the SharpIQ and DMR features which provides high definition images. The machine as with most GE products is consistent and reliable and also ensures automatic optimization of parameters. The digital display, flipping markers and single magnification stand all add to overall design and renders it highly user friendly.

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We have all witnessed the rapid pace of technological development. We’ve seen how technology brings new tools to our lives, and makes existing tools smaller, more powerful, and less expensive. Portable ultrasound is no different. Even wealthy private individuals can purchase machines should they so desire: Tom Cruise created significant controversy when he purchased a machine for home use while wife Katie Holmes was expecting their first child.

So let’s consider two questions. First, with all the technological advances in diagnostic medicine, is the portable ultrasound machine still a valuable medical tool, or has it gone the way of the dinosaur? Advanced testing modalities, like CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans, are commonplace these days as the technology to provide them becomes more affordable. Is there still a place in the medical office for a portable ultrasound machine?

The answer is a resounding “yes!” When you need answers quickly, there is nothing like having a portable ultrasound machine in your office. Ultrasound machines can quickly provide diagnostic information, from abdominal pain to looking for blood clots in the veins to diagnosing an ectopic pregnancy. The size of the equipment  needed for CT and PET scans and MRIs makes it impossible for every office to have one on hand. In the hands of a skilled medical professional, a portable ultrasound is a powerful and sometimes instantaneous diagnostic tool.

Which brings us to our second question: what is an ultrasound good for? Most of us are most familiar with ultrasounds of developing infants, or other diagnostic uses. But technology is finding new uses for the technology at the heart of this familiar imaging device. Ultrasounds waves at a higher energy level than used for diagnostic imaging can produce very powerful results. For example, focused ultrasound energy can be used to cauterize wounds and stop bleeding, to break up kidney stones, and to treat cancer by accelerating the rate at which drugs are absorbed into the body or tumor.

In light of these new uses, and in light of the wonderful diagnostic imaging they can provide, portable ultrasound machines have a definite place in the medical office of today and tomorrow.

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